英文被動式文法一次掌握
英文被動式文法的基本公式是Be 動詞+ P.P.(過去分詞)，這個大家很容易背起來，但生活中什麼時候會使用英文被動式文法比教貼切呢?有些中文的句子有很明顯的"被"字或是"由" 字，我們看到知道要用被動來翻譯比較好，例如: "我的腳踏車被偷，他被狗咬到，哈利波特系列小說是由羅琳所撰寫的，電話是由貝爾發明的"；但是像"台灣產稻米"這句話到底要用主動還是被動語態來表達呢? 轉換成英文時又該選用哪一個時態呢?而且所有的動詞都可以使用被動式句型來表達嗎? "這部電影很有趣，我對繪本很感興趣"，這邊的"有趣" 到底該用interesting 還是interested呢? 本文將以實例及圖表帶你一次掌握英文被動式文法的基本時態句構、使用時機、並分析被動式是如何應於在日常生活與多益考試中，讓您循序漸進輕鬆搞懂被動式。
英文被動式文法例句: 主動語態如何改成被動語態
主動: J.K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter books.
羅琳撰寫哈利波特
被動: The Harry Potter books were written by J.K. Rowling.
哈利波特是由羅琳所撰寫的
主動語態如何改成被動語態呢?
步驟:
1.找出句子中的主詞與受詞
上述例句中主動語態時主詞是J.K. Rowling、受詞是the Harry Potter books
2. 判定句子中的動詞是誰及時態
上述例句中動詞是wrote，時態是過去簡單式
3. 如果是可以改成被動的句子把主詞受詞的位置對調 (不是所有的句子都能改成被動式，詳情請看下方"沒有被動式的動詞" )
4. 動詞改成Be+ PP的形式
上述例句中改為被動式時主詞變成the Harry Potter books是複數，加上時態是過去簡單式，所以動詞的部分會寫成were written
5. 如果有說明這個動作是誰做的，在施予動作的那個人前面加上一個by
我們再來看一個例句:
主動: My parents bought this house in 1983. 我的父母在1983年買了這棟房子
被動: This house was bought in 1983 by my parents.
被動: This house was bought by my parents in 1983.
這棟房子是在1983年被我父母買下來
英文被動式文法在主動語態中，主詞是my parents 受詞是this house，動詞是bought過去簡單式，改成被動語態時my parents與this house的位置對調，this house 移動到句首的位置，動詞改為Be+ PP-> was bought ，那買房子的人是my parents 前面再放一個by，有的讀者可能會問改成被動式時到底要先放in 1983還是by my parents呢? This house was bought in 1983 by my parents. This house was bought by my parents in 1983. 兩句話都是正確的，端看你想要強調什麼，一般來說想要強調的東西會先講出來或是用聲音語調告訴對方強調的是什麼，例如: 如果想要強調是在1983年買的就可以用This house was bought in 1983 by my parents，當然你也可以講同一句話但是用聲音語調來強調by my parents是我父母買的。看到這邊讀者可能會有個疑問，如果一句話用主動語態或被動語態來寫都可以，那什麼時候要用被動語態比較妥當呢?
英文被動式文法何時用?
1.Rice is grown in Taiwan.
台灣種植稻米
2.This temple was built in 1920.
這間廟宇建於1920
3.A lot of articles have been written about the common side effects of the COVID-19 vaccines.
很多關於COVID-19疫苗副作用的文章已被撰寫
4. A lot of moon cakes were sold yesterday.
昨天很多蛋糕被賣掉
*讀者應該可以發現上述被動式例句中施作者都沒有被寫出來，當我們並不知曉做這些事情的人是誰或做這些事的人不重要或很明顯時，又或者要強調的是動作本身，我們就會用被動式文法來表達，例如例句一: Rice is grown in Taiwan. 稻米一定是人們所種植的 ，這是顯而易見的事情，例二: This temple was built in 1920. 這句話使用被動式文法來寫，代表誰建造這座廟的資訊並不重要、或者說話者並不知道是誰建造的，例三的狀況也是一樣，誰寫這些文章並不重要或說話者並不知道這資訊；例四: 蛋糕不會自己賣自己所以一定是用被動式文法來表達。
大家如果常閱讀書報應該可以發現被動式文法很常使用於學術文章、科學報導這種比較正式客觀的文章或書信中。我們來看一段托福考試中敘述沙漠化的段落，語句都是用被動式文法寫成的: (本段文字擷取自The Official Guide to the New TOEFL iBT P48)
Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.
沙漠化主要透過以下方式達成: 自然植被的流失以及風力及雨水接二連三地加速土壤的侵蝕。某些情況下鬆散的土壤會完全被風吹走，留下石質的表面；其他情況下細小的砂粒可能會被移走，而正常大小的砂粒不斷堆積形成移動式沙丘或沙脊。
雖說被動式文法常用於施作者沒有被寫出的句子中，但讀者可能會好奇問道有施作者的被動式語句是怎麼一回事?
This scarf was made by my best friend.
這條圍巾是我最好的朋友做的
*上述的例句中施作者是 my best friend. 但是因為我想要讀者聚焦的東西是這條圍巾，所以我就把圍巾調到主詞的位置並用被動式來表達，但因為我認為圍巾是誰做的是個必須要讓讀者知道的資訊所以用by 帶出該資訊；當然這句話我用主動語態My best friend made this scarf. 也是完全正確的，總而言之，要使用被動式還是主動語態端看你想要強調的東西是什麼，如果是要強調 “我的好朋友”做這條圍巾就要主動語態來寫My best friend made this scarf，如果想要強調的是 “這條圍巾”就用被動式句型來寫This scarf was made by my best friend。
英文文法被動式也用於"增添新資訊於句末時"，什麼意思呢? 通常在對話中句子開頭的資訊是我們已經知道的或正在談論的，增添的新資訊通常會放在句子後面，所以有時候就會使用到被動式:
情境: At a housewarming party 喬遷之喜: 我邀請我的朋友到我的新家參觀並舉辦派對
I: Let me show you around the house. This is the study.
讓我帶你轉轉，這是書房
My friend: Nice bookcase and wooden desk.
好棒的書櫃和書桌
I: Yes, they were designed by my uncle.
是吧! 他們是我舅舅設計的
My friend: Your uncle? Is he a carpenter?
你的舅舅?他是木匠嗎?
I: No, but he is quite interested in designing and making furniture.
喔不是，但是他對設計和作家俱很有興趣
在例句they were designed by my uncle.使用被動式句型是因為我和我朋友正在談論書桌與書櫃，這是舊的資訊，而"設計者是我舅舅"這是新資訊放在句末，就自然而然地使用被動式了。
除此之外，在敘述時如果說話者想要保持主詞的一致性時，也會在主動語態與被動式之間做轉換，例如:
Jenny went to a job interview three days ago. She waited for half an hour in a meeting room; then she was interviewed by a supervisor. She was so nervous that she didn’t remember what she said. Jenny三天前去參加一個面試，她在會議室中等了半小時然後才被一位主管面試，在回答問題時她非常緊張到都不記得自己回答了什麼。
*在這個段落中為保留主詞一致性都是Jenny，她被面試這句話She was interviewed by a supervisor. 是用被動式句型來寫而非主動。
另外，如果表達時有比較長的子句，我們為避免頭重腳輕會將這樣的子句放在句尾，有時候也會使用到被動式文法：
I was annoyed by my supervisor telling everybody what to do.
我對我主管指手畫腳告訴每個人該做什麼感到很厭煩
*這邊my supervisor telling everybody what to do 是個很長的子句，故放在句尾會比放在句首當主詞自然，所以整句話用被動式表達會比主動語態適當。
總的來說，英文文法被動式常用於強調於動作本身施作者未知時、想強調某物故將之放在主詞的位置、對話中自然地增添新資訊於句末、保持段落中主詞一致性、或避免寫出頭重腳輕的句子的情況。
練習題: 請判定以下句子是主動還是被動
1. Jenny made the cheesecake.
2. These delicious cookies were made by Jessica.
3. Lily has made a cup of coffee.
4. The table has been set.
5. Jan is making bubble tea right now.
6. A Christmas tree has been put in the living room.
答案: 1. 主動 2. 被動 3.主動 4.被動 5. 主動 6. 被動
沒有被動式的動詞-不及物動詞
讀者要注意的是並非是所有的動詞都可以改成被動式的句子，不及物動詞(intransitive verbs)是不會有被動式，只有及物動詞(transitive verbs)才會有被動式，而且就算是及物動詞大部分的非動作動詞(stative verbs/non-action verbs)也不會有被動式的句型，通常是動作動詞(action verbs)比較常改被動式，講的這裡讀者可能覺得這些文法術語一個頭兩個大，我們來看一下動詞的分類:
1.及物動詞(transitive verbs): 字典中的縮寫是vt，及物動詞是後面可以接受詞的動詞，通常是有接受詞整句的語意才會完整
例如: I need some water.
I like cats.
I sent my supervisor an email last night.
I want a house.
I use my smartphone every day.
這些例句中的動詞need, like, send, want, use後面都會接受詞就被稱為及物動詞。
2.不及物動詞(intransitive verbs): 字典中的縮寫是vi，是後面不用接受詞整句話語意就可以完整的動詞
例如: Birds fly.
The little boy cried.
The sun rises in the East.
An earthquake happened yesterday.
Do you think ghosts exist?
這些例句中的動詞fly, cry, rise, happen, exist都是不及物動詞，其他常見不及物動詞還有agree, arrive, come, go, live, occur, rain, sleep, stay, die, wait, walk等等。有的同學可能會問，那如果不及物動詞後面想要加受詞該怎麼辦? 通常會寫出該動詞搭配慣用的介係詞後再接受詞，例如: "What happened to you? 你怎麼了? " 句中的happen是不及物動詞後面要接you會插入介係詞to，又例如: I agree with you. 我同意你說的，agree這個不及物動詞搭配的介係詞是with，又例如: 大家常說的 "聽音樂 " 英文要說listen to music 而不能講listen music，因為listen是一個不及物動詞，後面接受詞必須先放一個介係詞，總之不及物動詞不會用被動式文法。
3. 所謂的「非動作動詞(Non-action verbs)」，或著稱為「狀態動詞(stative verbs)是用來表達一個狀態，例如: believe, want, know, need, like, have, seem, resemble 等等，這些動詞通常不會用進行式或被動式來表達，若讀者想要詳細了解狀態動詞有哪些，可點選"輕鬆分辨現在簡單式VS 現在進行式"這篇文章閱讀。
這邊提供幾個"狀態動詞的例句"，這些例句不會用被動式文法表達:
I have two cats. 不會講Two cats are had by me.
I want a house. 不會講A house is wanted by me.
I like apples. 不會講Apples are liked by me.
Sophia resembles a famous movie star. 不會講A famous movie star is resembled by Sophia.
在前面我們提到過及物動詞中的動作動詞的能使用被動式文法表達，例如: Two teachers will teach this class. 可以改成This class will be taught by two teachers. 但是要使用被動式時，要注意是否合乎語境，否則就容易造出文法正確但是放在該語境讀起來很奇怪的句子，例如: 我描述 "I eat an apple every day. 我每天吃一顆蘋果"這句話用被動式來表達的話會怪怪的，因為如果寫成An apple is eaten by me every day. 好像我在強調這一顆蘋果是很重要的東西，好像我很在乎一顆蘋果發生了什麼事的感覺。
練習題: 請判定下列句子中的動詞是及物還是不及物動詞，以及是否能改成被動式
1. We arrived at the station at 7:30 last night.
2. My grandparents came to my house for lunch yesterday.
3. Tolstoy wrote War and Peace.
4. Peter walks to school every day.
5. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin.
6. Many people died because of Covid-19.
7. The eagle ate the snake.
8. My cats sleep for 16 hours a day.
答案:
1.arrive不及物動詞
2. come不及物動詞
3. write及物動詞，War and Peace was written by Tolstoy.
4. walk 不及物動詞
5. discover及物動詞，Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
6. die 不及物動詞
7. eat 及物動詞，The snake was eaten by the eagle.
8. sleep 不及物動詞
英文被動式時態句型總整理
簡單式: 被動式公式 be+ P.P
1.現在簡單式
主動: Jan helps Rose.
被動: Rose is helped by Jan.
2. 過去簡單式
主動: The little boy broke the antique plate.
被動: The antique plate was broken by the little boy.
3. 未來簡單式
主動: This poem will change your viewpoints.
This poem is going to change your viewpoints.
被動: Your viewpoints will be changed by this poem.
Your viewpoints are going to be changed by this poem.
進行式: 注意進行式的被動式公式為 be+ being+ P.P.
4.現在進行式
主動: Zina is typing the letter.
被動: The letter is being typed by Zina.
5.過去進行式
主動: Zina was typing the letter.
被動: The letter was being typed by Zina.
6.未來進行式沒有被動式
完成式: 注意完成式的被動式公式為 be+ been + P.P.
7.現在完成式
主動: The editor has revised this essay.
被動: This essay has been revised by the editor.
8.過去完成式
主動: The editor had revised this essay before he went to bed.
被動: This essay had been revised by the editor before he went to bed.
9. 未來完成式
主動: The editor will have revised this essay before next Friday.
被動: This essay will have been revised by the editor before next Friday.
完成進行式: 沒有被動式
被動式情態主動詞句型總整理
情態助動詞 (can, could, should, ought to, may, might, have to, must had better等)後面的動詞都是原型動詞，當用被動式表達時，公式一樣是be + P.P. 情態助動詞很常使用被動式表達，以下提供幾個例句:
The door can’t be opened.
The project has to be done by noon.
Passports must be shown at customs.
Children should be taught to tell right from wrong.
Cucumbers may be cooked or eaten raw.
The paper had better be submitted before Friday.
練習題: 將下列句子改為被動式
2. The teacher has checked his homework.
3. My coworker bought my old smartphone.
4. The twins are decorating the Christmas tree.
5. My boss will pay the bill.
6. The repairperson was fixing the roof.
7. People should harvest corn in the morning.
8. Someone must send this email right away.
答案:
2. His homework has been checked by the teacher.
3. My old smartphone was bought by my coworker.
4. The Christmas tree is being decorated by the twins.
5. The bill will be paid by my boss.
6. The roof was being fixed by the repairperson.
7. Corn should be harvested in the morning.
8. This email must be sent right away.
練習題: 判定主被動式選出正確答案
1.The project _________to our most experienced editor. A) has assigned B) has been assigned C) assigned
2. The cash in the drawer __________. A) has stolen B) has been stolen
3. Thieves ________the cash in the drawer. A) have stolen B) have been stolen C) were stolen
4. The last ticket of this concert ______ two minutes ago. A) was sold B) sold C) has sold
5. The meeting _______until next. A) will postpone B) will be postponed
6. Thomas Edison __________as one of the greatest inventors. A) recognized B) has recognized C) is recognized
7. My lost key _________yet. A) has found B) has not found C) has not been found
8. Astronomers ________a new planet in the universe. A) was discovered B) discovered
9. A lot of car accidents __________at night. A) take place B) are happened C) are occurred
答案:
BBAAB CCBA
英文被動式文法對話練習題: 動動腦試著用被動式回答下列問題:
1.Have you ever been given a gift on your birthday?
2. Have you ever been bitten by any animals?
3. Have you ever been promoted?
4. Were you told a funny joke yesterday?
5. Will a new park be built in your neighborhood?
6. Are you allowed to eat in class?
參考答案:
1.Yes, I have been given some novels as birthday gifts.
2. Yes, I have been bitten by some poisonous insects.
3. No, I have never been promoted.
4. No, I wasn’t told any jokes yesterday.
5. No, a new park won’t be built in my neighborhood.
6. When I was a college student, I was allowed to eat breakfast in class.
英文被動式文法常見的情緒動詞要用ed還是ing
"我對學英文有興趣"，"這部電影很有趣"，我覺得好無聊，在用英文表達這兩個句子時，"有趣"這個形容詞到底該用interesting 還是interested 呢? "我覺得無聊"到底該寫I am boring. 還是I am bored呢? 很多同學在使用情緒動詞來描述情境時常搞不清楚到底是用使用該動詞的過去分詞ed的型態還是現在分詞ing的型態來形容。簡單地來說，如果今天你要表達的"我覺得..." "我感到..."的文意也就是"你的情緒"，會使用ed來表達，例如:
I am interested in learning English. 我對學英文感到有興趣
The students were surprised by the news 學生們對這則新聞感到很驚訝
I am bored. 我覺得無聊
但如果今天想表達的是"令人覺得...."的文意，也就是說"某事或某人給你的感受"就會使用ing來表達，例如:
This is an interesting movie. 這是一部令人覺得有趣的電影
This is a confusing problem. 這是一個令人困惑的問題
He is a boring person. 他是一個令人覺得無聊的人
大家要注意的是，不要去背說ed就是形容人，ing是形容事情，雖然大部分情況下是這樣沒錯，但是今天如果我要講 "跟他相處時，他是一個令人覺得很無聊的人" 這樣的句子，就不能寫He is a bored person. 而是He is a boring person. 因為"人"也是能帶給你情緒的，例如: 我覺得Zina是個很有趣的人，她樂於學習新知識。I think Zina is a really interesting person because she loves to get new knowledge. 所以大家要注意自己真正想表達的意思是什麼。
另外這邊提供一些常見的情緒動詞供讀者參考: interest, amaze, bore, confuse, depress, disappoint, excite, annoy, exhaust, fascinate, entertain, embarrass, frighten, frustrate, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, thrill, devastate, overwhelm, intrigue, scare (ˋ注意"令人覺得害怕”是scary而非scaring喔), delight (注意"令人覺得開心"是delightful而非delighting喔); stressful 是令人覺得有壓力，人感到有壓力要講stressed
練習題: 請填入正確的形容詞型態
1. I am ____(bore) because this class is so _______(bore).
2. I am ______(exhaust) because my boss gave me a lot of work today.
3. Those cockroaches are _______(annoy). They drive me crazy every time I see them in the kitchen.
4. Professor Lusser’s lecture was _________(fascinate). I was ______(fascinate) by his presentation.
5. My editor is professional and ________(entertain). He likes to tell jokes at work.
6. The keynote guest speaker was _________(disappoint) because few people attended the lecture. The keynote guest speaker was _______(disappoint). I thought the lecture would be informative and interesting, but I learnt nothing new.
7. The little boy was _______(frighten) when the big dog started to chase after him. The shark in the horror movie was ______(frighten). I had nightmares for three days.
8. My father is __________. (embarrass) He always asks my friends inappropriate questions when they come to my home.
9. I went hiking at sunrise and was _________(amaze) by the sea of clouds.
10. I have an important test tomorrow. I am _____(stress). Working in the hospital during the pandemic is demanding and _______. (stress)
答案:
2. exhausted
3. annoying
4. fascinating, fascinated
5. entertaining
6. disappointed, disappointing
7. frightened, frightening
8. embarrassing
9. amazed
10. stressed, stressful
英文被動式文法在多益考試中的應用與範例
1. 英文被動式文法在多益聽力考試中常出現於圖片題，物件與場景圖的敘述常使用現在簡單式被動(A vase is placed on the table.)、現在進行式被動(A vase is being placed on the table.) 或現在完成式被動(A vase has been placed on the table. 考生們特別要注意的是現在進行式被動，如果圖片中沒有人出現，在描述場景時如果有現在進行式被動的句子就不可能是正確答案。
以上圖為例: 這是一個客廳的場景，並沒有任何人出現在圖片中，請讀者看看以下用被動式描述的三個句子並選出正確的:
1. Some potted plants have been placed on the cabinets.
2. Some potted plants are being placed on the cabinets.
3. Some potted plants are placed on the cabinets.
正確答案是第一和第三句，第二句話的文意是有一些盆栽正被放置在櫃子上，這一定要有人出現在圖片中且那個人正做這個動作才會是正確的。因為被動式的語句是多數考生比較不熟悉的，大家在練習圖片題時要特別注意!
小試牛刀: 看上圖選出描述正確的句子
B) A pillow has been put on the sofa.
C) A floor lamp is put in the corner.
D) The TV has been turned on.
E) The candles are being lit.
F) The windows are closed.
正確答案: BCF
2. 英文文法被動式在多益閱讀單選題中，常與時態及子句的概念合併出題
Maya Byuan _______by the executive team to head the new public relations department. A) chose B) choose C) was choosing D) was chosen
(題目出自多益官方全真試題指南VI Test 1Q104)
答案: D
解析: 這題考的概念是過去式被動語態，Maya Byuan 被執行團隊選為新公關部門的主管，在題目中可以從by及題意判斷要使用被動語態。
104. Among _____ recognized at the company awards ceremony were senior business analyst Natalie Obi and sales associate Peter Comeau.(A) who (B) whose (C) they (D) those
(題目出自多益官網線上題型範例Q104)
答案: D
解析: 這題考的概念是形容詞子句省略變成形容詞片語，且子句中文意是被動式的概念，原句是Among those (who were) recognized at the company awards ceremony were senior business analyst Natalie Obi and sales associate Peter Comeau. 在公司頒獎典禮上被表揚的那些人中有資深商業分析師Natalie Obi和銷售同仁Peter Comeau.
those表示的那些人，主要動詞是were，who were recognized at the company awards ceremony是形容詞子句，但是可以把who were 省略變成形容詞片語的句子；解題技巧是在看這樣比較複雜的句子，要先釐清楚句子中的主要主詞與動詞分別是誰，而形容詞子句又是哪個部分。
3. 英文文法被動式也常在閱讀測驗的文章中被使用，下面這篇文章被動式的部分將以顏色凸顯:
Notice Board SpaceAvailable to Community Groups
Mooringtown Library is pleased to invite local community groups to use the free advertising space on its new notice board, located outside the front entrance of the library. Space on the board is available for up to four weeks at a time.
Notices must be approved in advance at the library’s front desk and must meet the following requirements. All content must be suitable for public display. The notice must be written or printed on standard-quality paper with dimensions of either 8.5 in x 11 in or 5.5 in x 8.5 in. The desired start and end date for display should be written in the front bottom right corner. — [1] —. Any notices that do not meet these requirements will not be considered and will be discarded. — [2] —.
— [3] —. Submissions are now being accepted at the Mooringtown Library front desk. Please have the actual notice, in the format in which you would like it to appear, with you when you arrive. Within one business day, you will receive a call confirming that your notice has been added to the board. — [4] —.
Mooringtown Library
www.mooringtownlib.co.au
(題目出自多益官網線上題型範例閱讀測驗 7-2)
結語
英文文法被動式不僅是常使用於日常生活中，在多益考試中也占有一席之地，學好被動式有助於同學在生活上能以更豐富自然且正確的句子表達自己的意見，例如要講我覺得很無聊就會說I am bored. 而非又講出I am boring這樣錯誤的句子；理解被動式的使用情境便能清楚自己想要強調的是什麼，除此之外，讀者掌握被動式文法的基本句構後在看多益或一些較學術文章時可以理解的更快速。
英文被動式常見問題
英文被動式文法的公式
英文被動式文法的公式是Be 動詞+ P.P.(過去分詞)，例如: Jerry bought a car in 2020. 改成被動式後A car was bought by Jerry in 2020.
英文被動式文法何時用
被動式用於強調於動作本身施作者未知時、想強調某物故將之放在主詞的位置、對話中自然地增添新資訊於句末、保持段落中主詞一致性、或想避免寫出頭重腳輕的句子便會使用被動式。
英文12時態都可使用被動式嗎
未來進行式及三個完成進行式(現在完成進行、過去完成進行、未來完成進行)不太會使用被動式表達。
常見的情緒動詞(bore, interest等等)要用ed還是ing?
果今天你要表達的"我覺得..." "我感到..."的文意也就是"你的情緒"，會使用ed來表達，例如: I feel bored. 我覺得無聊；但如果今天想表達的是"令人覺得...."的文意，也就是說"某事或某人給你的感受"就會使用ing來表達，例如:It’s a boring movie. 這部電影很無聊。
多益考試中被動式概念怎麼出題?
在多益考試中聽力的圖片題中最常考的是現在簡單、現在進行與現在完成被動式的概念，通常是場景及物件圖會常使用被動式的句子描述例如: The vase is put on the table. 花瓶被放在桌上。The vase is being put on the table.花瓶正被放在桌上。(如果是描述花瓶正被放在桌上，圖片中應該要出現人物) The vase has been put on the table.花瓶已經被放在桌上。
多益考試中閱讀題目(第五部分的單選題)，被動式則常結合英文時態及子句的概念合併出題。 例一: Smoking is _________in the hospital. A) forbidden B) to forbid C) forbidding D) to have forbidden. 正確答案為: A. 題意是抽菸在醫院是被禁止的。這題是考現在簡單被動式的概念。
例二: Customers who fail to pay their bills by the due date _______ a late fee. A) are charging B) charge C) will be charged D) had charged 正確答案為: C. 題意是那些沒有在截止期限前付清帳單的客戶必須要支付一筆遲繳的費用。這題是考未來簡單被動式結合形容詞子句的概念。
參考書目:
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Education, 2017
Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage.3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005.
ETS, The Official Guide to the New TOEFL iBT. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
ETS, TOEIC Official Test-Preparation Guide Vol.6 多益測驗官方全真試題指南VI. Taipei: ETS, 2017.
多益官網線上題型範例
https://www.toeic.com.tw/sample-test/toeic-listening-reading/sample07_02.html
